Archive for the 'Mathematics' Category
Sudoku is a mathematical puzzle where people have to fill in missing squares to get a row/column of numbers 1-10. The numbers though, can only be used once per row/column, Logic is crucial in this game because it is not as easy as it appears.
Sudoku itself has a pretty interesting history. The current form of this came originally came from the Latin square, which was credited to Leonhard Euler. In a Latin square, numbers can only be used once in a grid and it goes the same to Sudoku. During the 1970’s, Dell Magazines started to produce what they called “Number Place.” The puzzle followed the concept of the Latin square except that this one was on a 9×9 square grid.
A few years later in Japan, the head of the company Nikoli, Maki Kaji, started to publish their own version of Number Place. This was when the name Sudoku was given. The overall structure was changed as well because the amount of numbers appearing got restricted. Soon the game became a smash hit and was featured just ab
out everywhere.
Despite the popularity of it in Japan, it took over two decades before this game expanded into other countries. The first country to get swept with Sudoku mania was England in 2004. The instigator was a man named Wayne Gould, a retired Hong Kong judge originally from New Zealand. He came across the puzzles in Japan and spent years developing a program to make them. Finally, in 2004 he convinced The Times (a newspaper in England) to publish the puzzles he had made using his program. To the surprise of everyone (except perhaps Gould), the game became a hit.
By 2005, the game of Sudoku had once again left its mark; this time in the United States. Major companies were putting up their own puzzles daily like a crossword puzzle. The amazing thing is that it takes hours to create just one puzzle!
I love solving sudoku puzzles ranging from easy to hard. I have observed that easier ones have >30 digits pre-filled, while harder ones have <26 digits pre-filled. However, this is more of an observation than a rule. e.g. Hard puzzles still appear difficult at times, even when I have managed to fill in 5-6 blank spaces. Of course, there comes a point when the sparseness is substantially reduced, and it looks trivial thereafter. Naturally, there is more to the complexity of a sudoku than just the # of pre-filled digits. Perhaps the arrangement or pattern?
Here are the problems:
1) ___ 4 ___ ___ 6 ___
___ ___ ___ 4 ___ ___
___ 5 ___ 1 ___ ___
___ ___ 3 ___ 5 ___
___ 3 5 ___ ___ ___
___ 1 ___ ___ 3 ___
2) ___ ___ 1 ___ 5 ___
___ ___ ___ ___ 2 ___
___ 3 2 ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ 3 6 ___
___ 1 ___ ___ ___ ___
___ 5 ___ 4 ___ ___
3) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 6
___ ___ 5 ___ 1 2
___ 2 ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ 3 ___
3 ___ ___ 4 ___ ___
1 ___ __ ___ 5 ___
4) ___ 3 ___ ___ ___
___ ___ 2 ___ 5 ___
1 ___ ___ ___ ___ 6
4 ___ ___ 1 ___ ___
___ ___ ___ 5 ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ 3 ___
Thank you for all of your help.
This question is about what stategy I can employ for hard sudoku puzzles.
I solve the vast majority of Sudokus that I see (published in various newspapers) in my head by using one of three principles.
The one that is far and away most common is what I think of as striking out (within one of the 3×3 subsquares). I consider a subsquare and pick a number that does not appear in that subsquare. From each instance of that number either to the side or directly above/below my selected box, I draw an imaginary line from that number through my box “striking out” unfilled squares. If only one square is left, then I can fill it in with the selected number. I don’t do this mechanically. Rather, I look for common numbers that impinge upon a subsquare.
This strategy can be extended. As a simple for example, suppose that the right column of a subsquare is blocked (has been filled in) with, say, non 3s. If you have the 3 impinging on the left column from outside the subsquare, that forces the 3 of the subsquare to be in the middle column, which in turn forces the remaining subsquare’s 3 to be in the right column.
There are two other situations that are far less common, and I look for these when I am otherwise stuck with my main strategy above. 2) Pick an arbitrary square. If the numbers impinging on that square from both the column, row, and subsquare that square is in amount to all but one of 1-9, then the square may be filled in with the missing number.
3) Consider a row or column. If a number not in that row or column impinges on all but one of the non filled in squares of the row/column, then that last square will have the given number. This is a variation on the first strategy applied to rows/columns instead of subsquares and is relatively rare.
With these 3 strategies I write nothing down, nor do I have to remember the boatloads of special, fancy named strategies that they talk about on sudoku websites.
However, there is a harder level of sudoku. The only place I’ve regularly encountered these harder sudokus is at http://apps.facebook.com/challengesudoku
on the ‘Harder’ level (levels are Easy, Medium, Hard, Harder). You can start one of these by Creating a game, and someone will usually join within one minute. Some of them (over 50%) cannot be solved by the above 3 principles and require a more involved logic. Specifically, http://www.sudokusolver.co.uk/
cannot show a next step because a more advanced strategy is needed.
Therefore (finally) my question is what is the next level of strategy to follow? In other words, how do you expand on the strategy that I’ve delineated above?
To be clear, I’m after a way of looking at the harder puzzles: what should I be scanning for?
There are some advanced strategies such as at http://www.scanraid.com/Death_Blossom (though most of this site appears to be undergoing revision), but that doesn’t answer my question of what I should be looking for because it doesn’t tell me what the next most common type of scenario is.
Regardless of which numbers are shown on the grid before attempting to complete it. I imagine factorial Mathematics comes into it somewhere. For instance, there are 9! (9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1)different ways of writing the numbers 1 to 9. Is there a formula for working out the total of different Sudoku solutions?















